In this paper A Microstrip Dipole Patch antenna designed above an EBG substrate at the 3.5-GHz band for application of 4G wireless communications systems. One of the motivations for this proposal is that the size of the EBG substrate can be small enough for a handset with reduced SAR. In The Proposed model the value of the averaged SAR over 10 g was reduced to 0.359141 W/kg at the center frequency 1.6GHz. The SAR for the proposed Micro strip Dipole Patch antenna with the EBG structure is 42% lower than that the reference dipole antenna model. The radiation efficiency is also improved with the minimum VSWR. The design tool used for antenna simulation is CST (Computer Simulation Technology) software.

Rapid growth in mobile computing and other wireless multimedia services is inspiring many research and development activities on high speed wireless communication systems. Main challenges in this area include the development of efficient coding and modulation signal processing techniques to improve the quality and spectral efficiency of wireless systems. In this paper we present the new scheme with using the optimization process for the channel selection for multiple input single output channels to improve the energy efficiency in the wireless network.

Concrete is very wide topic in civil engineering field. Modification of concrete is very essential for eco-friendly environment for present scenario. Show we are using agricultural waste in concrete to modify the concrete and to reduce problems of waste disposal and land utilisation for waste. The agricultural wastes which are used in this project:- i). Coconut shell ii). Rise husk ash Coconut shells are by-products of coconut oil production. Coconut shells are used in the production of activated carbon due to hardness and high carbon content. Concrete using Coconut Shell aggregates resulted in acceptable strength required for structural concrete. Coconut Shell may offer itself as a coarse aggregate as well as a potential construction material in the field of construction industries and this would solve the environmental problem of reducing the generation of solid wastes simultaneously. The impact resistance of Coconut Shell concrete is high when compared with conventional concrete. Moisture retaining and water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are more compared to conventional aggregate. Cost reduction of 40% can be achieved if coconut shells are used to replace gravel in concrete. The amount of cement content may be more when Coconut Shell are used as an aggregate in the production of concrete compared to conventional aggregate concrete. Thus cement can also be replaced by rice husk ash which is an agricultural waste to make it low cost material. Rice husk ash (RHA) is a by-product from the burning of rice husk. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is known as rice husk ash (RHA). This RHA in turn contains around 85 % - 90 % amorphous silica. Thus Rise husk is replaced partially by cement and Coconut shell is replaced by aggregate in various proportions. Then the concrete specimen is compared by testing on 7th, 14th and 28th day with water cement ratio of 0.5. Compressive strength tensile strength, workability, etc will be shown in result. According to result of RHA moulds and coconut shell moulds the ratios are formed for using RHA and coconut shell together in concrete.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a technology commonly used for remote monitoring, tracking and detection applications. Since energy efficiency is a major concern in wireless sensor network, to know the remaining energy on each node could optimize the energy consumption. Numerous solutions have tried to optimize the performance of these networks by introducing new design principles as well as establishing new protocols and algorithms. In recent years, a new paradigm, which is called Software Defined Networking (SDN), is introduced that allows the network administrators to dynamically manage their networks. In this paper our main focus is to improve the performance of software defined wireless sensor networks by using mesh architecture in wireless sensor network, our result shows that the better performance from the existing techniques.

In this Project there were many experimental work conducted to improve the properties of the concrete by putting new materials, whether it is natural materials or recycle materials or synthetic materials in the concrete mix. There were many experimental work conducted to improve the properties of the concrete by putting new materials, whether it is natural materials or recycle materials or synthetic materials in the concrete mix. The additional material can be replacing the aggregate, cement or just as additive is natural material. A large amount of agricultural waste was disposed in most of tropical countries especially in Asia. Coconut shell is hard in nature and does not deteriorate easily once bound in concrete and therefore, it does not contaminate or leach to produce toxic substances.

The demand for mobile wireless communications due to the popularity of smart phones and devices that have internet based applications has witnessed rapid growth in the last decade. The next generation network is expected to provide a better quality of service and meet the demands of these rising number of users. The future generation networks are expected to achieve high data rates, reduced latency, increased spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of the system. Since the available spectrum is a scarce resource, its efficient utilization is the prime focus of the next generation networks. Spectrum Sharing is a key aspect that is gaining significant attention as it can prove to be beneficial in meeting the above requirements.

With the expansion use of internet among people around the world carry many questions on how the storage of data, networking, management of the systems used must be improved to meet all demands. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been proposed to be utilized in WSN with more focus on the architecture, routing protocols, topology discovery, management, SDN controllers. In this paper we proposed a chunk based distributed control system is proposed in this paper to address issues arising from and pertaining to the centralized controller. Our simulated result shows better results than the centralized controller and existing approach.

Due to high fire occurrence and massive damage, the early fire detection is happening more and more important. Because of the advance development of image processing technology, image becomes more and more widely an application of fire detection technology. This paper examined the fire detection methods based on images in recent years. Based on the review, it is clear to see that if the optimal algorithms can be adopted for each part of detecting motion area and extracting fire characteristics, the accuracy of the fire alarm on real-time as well as the system performance can be improved.

The investigation on the properties of black cotton soil, we observed that, the strength properties of black cotton soil are very low. Before any foundation work one such soil, we need to stabilize them. Red-mud is an industrial waste material, which is produced by the aluminum industries, which create so many problems when dumped in open space. To beat these criteria we are going to use red-mud as a stabilizer. Another material is polythene (LDEP) which is also a problem for our environment. By the help of these two materials we are going to stabilize black cotton soil, and enhance the baring and sharing strength of the weak soil like black cotton soil. Varying % of red-mud mix is 10%, 15% and 20% with 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5% of polythene strip. The mix proportion of polythene is applied for each proportion of red-mud mix. Polythene is used mainly to give better binding between and has tendency to elaborate. It is observed that the mix proportions 10% & 15% is increasing. But the Optimum one for UCS is at 20% of red-mud and 0.3% of polythene strip and 20% of red-mud and 0.2% of polythene in optimum for CBR value.

Cognitive radio networks are an innovative approach to wireless engineering in which radios are designed with an unprecedented level of intelligence and agility. This advanced technology enables radio devices to use spectrum (i.e., radio frequencies) in entirely new and sophisticated ways. Cognitive radios have the ability to monitor, sense, and detect the conditions of their operating environment, and dynamically reconfigure their own characteristics to best match those conditions. In this paper we review the modulation recognition in cognitive radio using neural network and other techniques.

Image compression is a widely researched area with a huge amount of developed methods. According to, there are five major image categories: Monochromatic, greyscale, continuous-tone, discrete-tone, and cartoon images. Numerous methods intended for compressing the images from the first four categories have been proposed, some of them being very successful. Data compression is a fundamental and well-studied problem in engineering, and is commonly formulated with the goal of designing codes for a given discrete data ensemble with minimal entropy. In this paper we review the about image compression techniques with quality of an image and also discuss the image application and their types.

The aim of this investigation is to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil, which is one of the major soil deposits of India. Black cotton soil is a type of soil with poor shear strength and high swelling and shrinkage properties. By stabilization process using industrial waste and waste polythene, it increases the bearing capacity of black cotton soil. In this study, two additives were used with black cotton soil, to stabilize it. Red mud & polythene strip, both additives are waste and harmful for the environment. Observation of this study shows Black cotton soil was treated by mixing with 10%, 15% and 20% of red mud and blended with polythene by 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% for every red-mud mix. It was observed that when polythene mix increases the CBR value constantly decreases. The result was optimum for soaked CBR value at 20% of red-mud & 0.2% of polythene mixed with black cotton soil sample.

Key management in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a complex task due to its nature of environment, limited resources and open communication channel. In addition, wireless communication poses additional threats to the critical information being sent and received over there. WSN are necessary to be protected from different attacks. But, the major problem to secure WSN is a key distribution after deploying the sensor nodes in specific area. In this paper we present the review for the various key management techniques for the wireless communication especially in the field of multicast communication where one sender shares the key in a group or multiple destinations.