Network lifetime is, arguably, the most important performance metric in wireless sensor networks. Since wireless sensor networks nodes are battery operated, in general, optimal utilization of the limited battery energy is vital for prolonging the network lifetime. Energy budget of WSNs is dominated by the energy dissipation on communication, So that the optimization of all aspects of WSN communication and networking is the overarching goal. Smart grid is a green technology that allows the integration of renewable energy sources and demand response management. Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications are the major drivers of smart grid deployment and applications, particularly in residential and commercial buildings. In this paper we present the survey for the wireless sensor network and their applications and the performance.

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have emerged as a paradigm addressing the problem of limited spectrum availability and the spectrum underutilization in wireless networks by opportunistically exploiting portions of the unused spectrum by licensed primary users (PUs). Routing in CRNs is a challenging problem due to the PU activities and mobility that are beyond the control of CRNs. On the other hand, energy aware routing is very important in energy-constraint CRNs. In this article we present the comparative study for the cognitive radio sensor network for the ad-hoc network and their application and routing protocol.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an important communication paradigm in modern-day mobile computing for exchanging live messages regarding traffic congestion, weather conditions, road conditions, and targeted location-based advertisements to improve the driving comfort. In such environments, security and intelligent decision making are two important challenges needed to be addressed. In this paper we present the survey for the vehicular ad-hoc network for the broadcasting of any message and enhancing the security system.

The scope of this evaluation is to achieve the industry deliberating the feasible use of quarry dust, and to seek out any gaps in present situation. The time period viable use means the usage of quarry dust to their maximum potential to conform up to the demands of this, all of sudden maintaining herbal assets and locating solutions for limit the environmental consequences connected each with quarry dirt advent and its disposal. The utilization of quarry dirt in bond and cement gives capacity herbal further monetary factors of interest for each related industry, especially in zones wherever a considerable amount of quarry dust consists. In this evaluation, the test paintings is completed by means of the use of cement, exceptional aggregate, coarse combination, quarry dust. The examples were casted for M25 grade of concrete by using supplanting the cement 0%, five%, 10%, 15% and 20% by means of quarry dirt and examined for workability with the aid of slump check, compressive energy, flexure power and cut up tensile take a look at on the age of seven, 14, and 28 days. It is seen that the energy effects represents that concrete casted with in M 25 grade of concrete at 7 days are decreases with alternative of five%, 15% and 20% at 10% have increments, and 14, 28 days have decreased with replacement of 5%, 15% to 20% and growth at 10%, when the share of the quarry dirt growth from 0% to 15.

It is recognized that mostly researchers have make effort on different alternate material like particularly industrial and agro-based squander materials like palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, quarry dust, fly ash, copper slag, coal ash, corncob ash and so on. As indicated by the study, 10-12 million tons squander materials is create and consume. Presently a day's bunches of development in the field of concrete innovation that can control the utilization of cement in concrete. We are utilizing the industrial waste material to create a higher quality concrete. The natural problem can be tackle by substitution of industrial squanders and by item. A portion of the squander items which have pozzolanic properties and which had been considered for use in mixed cements incorporate .It is recognized that researchers have make effort on different waste materials. But it is recognized that very few literatures are available on the consequence of squander materials (wood ash, quarry dust, copper slag) on the cubes, beams and cylinders strength, using destructive and non-destructive method. In this analysis trial would be made to execute experimental study on standard concrete cubes, beams and cylinders. For there, M25 grade will be utilized with the age of 7th, 14th and 28th days.

The present look at has been taken up for evaluating the distinctive grades of concrete. Emphasis has been given to the compressive strength, flexural strength, split test and workability properties of glass fiber concrete beams. This paper offers the outcomes of an experimental investigation carried out on 30 concrete beams, 150 mm 150 mm 700 mm in length. The beams were tested beneath two points loading. Ninety cubes 150 mm 150 mm and 30 cylinders of 150 mm dia and300 mm length with exceptional dosages of glass fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1.o%, and 1.5% & 2.0%) The examiner parameters include first crack load and remaining load. And load became at 5.2 KN/s in 2000 KN compressive checking out system.

The present work describes the experimental study of fiber reinforced concrete with M-25 grade concrete in addition of Iron chips with different percentages. To over-come the difficulties due to optimum percentage of fiber for maximum strength in concrete and high performance concrete. The main objective of this thesis work is to investigate the optimum percentage of Iron chips fiber on M-25 grade concrete and develop a high performance concrete. It is proposed to determine and compare compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and slump test of concrete grade M-25 having different percentage of Iron chips (0%, 0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%). Compressive strength increases up to 1.5% addition of Iron then it were decreased for both concrete grade in case of 2.0% were used. But split tensile strength, flexural strength increases up to addition of 2% Iron chips. The chemical admixture is used to increase the workability of concrete. The experimental investigation is carried out on a total no of 81 specimen of compressive strength, 27 specimens for split tensile strength and flexural strength each.

Energy efficiency (EE) has been regarded as an important metric for designing green communication systems. Also, energy harvesting technique has been recognized as a promising method which utilizes renewable energy as a meaningful energy source to support devices and improve the EE performance of wireless networks. With the advent of high-power Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and high-sensitivity Photo-Diodes (PD), the VLC concept appears to be especially promising in the small-cell family of the 5G era. In this paper we present the comparative review for the energy efficiency in the wireless networks, where for the multiple input single output and multiple output.

Nowadays, sensor-based technologies are playing a vital role in the automation industries. Depending upon the applications, appropriate sensor network-based infrastructure can be used to execute various applications in different domains such as health care, transportation, education to name a few. VANET is one of the domains of wireless sensor network (WSN) and mobile ad hoc network (MANET), which is popular for mobile sensing, computation, and communication. In this paper we proposed a Cluster head algorithms for the creation of cluster in vehicle ad-hoc network and improve the performance of network than existing system, our proposed method work with the dedicated short range communication protocol with simulation urban mobility model, all the implementations works done with the sumo and network simulator.

Use of Glass Powder and other is Crusher sand as partial replacement of cement and concrete production. In this research we analyze the strength of concrete made with using these waste materials one is Glass Powder and other is Crusher sand. The Glass Powder is used as 20% replace by weight of cement and Crusher sand as the partial replacement of Fine Aggregate from 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The grade of the concrete here is M-30 grade. It has been used as a replacement of fine aggregates in many literature works but this paper presents the feasibility of the substitution of Glass Powder for cement to achieve economy and environment saving. Slump Test was carried out for the fresh concrete whereas Compressive Strength, Flexure Strength and Split Tensile Tests were carried for the Hardened concrete. All tests are done at 7- day, 14 - day, and 28 days with 0 to 40% replacement of sand at an interval of 10%. Again above tests are carried out with 20% replacement of cement by glass powder. It is observed that the glass powder improve the strength and Crusher sand can be used as sand. Experiment such as specific gravity test of Crusher sand and sand by pycnometer method, moisture content of sand and Crusher sand by oven drying method, normal consistency of cement, and initial setting time of cement, were performed to determine the physical property of concrete. On fresh concrete slump test was preformed to check workability of concrete and after then compressive strength was checked. Thus stone dust is appropriate substitute of fine aggregates in concrete mix for construction. This is great saving in costly material.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the use of Glass Powder and other is crusher sand as partial replacement of cement and concrete production. In this research we analyze the strength of concrete made with using these waste materials one is Glass Powder and other is crusher sand. The Glass Powder is used as 20% replace by weight of cement and crusher sand as the partial replacement of Fine Aggregate from 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The grade of the concrete here is M-25 grade. It has been used as a replacement of fine aggregates in many literature works but this paper presents the feasibility of the substitution of glass powder for cement to achieve economy and environment saving. Slump Test was carried out for the fresh concrete whereas Compressive Strength, Flexure Strength and Split Tensile Tests were carried for the Hardened concrete. All tests are done at 7- day, 14 - day, and 28 days with 0 to 40% replacement of sand at an interval of 10%. Again above tests are carried out with 20% replacement of cement by glass powder. It is observed that the glass powder improve the strength and crusher sand can be used as sand. Experiment such as specific gravity test of crusher sand sand by pycnometer method, moisture content of sand and crusher sand by oven drying method, normal consistency of cement, and initial setting time of cement, were performed to determine the physical property of concrete. On fresh concrete slump test was preformed to check workability of concrete and after then compressive strength was checked. Thus crusher sand is appropriate substitute of fine aggregates in concrete mix for construction. This is great saving in costly material.

Cognitive networks offer the promise of significantly improving both spectrum efficiency and utilization. In the last few years, significant research progresses has been made in supporting the key functions needed in a cognitive network and in the development of cognitive radios but many challenges remain. This report identifies several critical research areas including cognitive networking as a system, the interactions between technology and policy, and cognitive networking. Meeting this huge demand for bandwidth is a challenge since most easily usable spectrum bands have been allocated. Many studies have however shown that more than 90% of the allocated spectrum is unused or underutilized.

In recent time, the demand for multimedia data services has grown up rapidly. One of the most promising multi-carrier system, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) forms basis for all 5G wireless communication systems due to its large capacity to allow the number of subcarriers, high data rate and ubiquitous coverage with high mobility. OFDM is significantly affected by peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). Unfortunately, the high PAPR inherent to OFDM signal envelopes will occasionally drive high power amplifiers (HPAs) to operate in the nonlinear region of their characteristic curve. This paper emphasis mainly on the PAPR reduction of MIMO-OFDM system using partial transmits sequence (PTS) and pre-coding techniques. Some other techniques such as amplitude clipping have low-complexity; on the other hand, they suffer from various problems such as in-band distortion and out-of-band expansion. Signal companding methods have low-complexity, good distortion and spectral properties; however, they have limited PAPR reduction capabilities. Advanced techniques such as coding, partial transmit sequences (PTS) and selected mapping (SLM), have also been considered for PAPR reduction.

This Selective image encryption is a current research trend being investigated to minimize the encryption time of digital images. It does not strive for maximum security, but trades off security for computational complexity. It involves representing the most meaningful parts of an image. This paper provides an extensive analysis of selective image encryption techniques based various methods in spatial as well as frequency domain. All of the encryption process is carried out using three major encryption techniques: value substitution, scrambling positions, or a combination.

The main goal for image enhancement is to construct an image more suitable than the original image. Image enhancement techniques used in many areas such that Forensics, Astrophotography, Fingerprint matching etc. This paper presents a DWT based enhancement technique for low contrast color image. Proposed works transforms the RGB color image into HSI color model, then apply DWT on I component . After wavelet decomposition, histogram equalization is done just in LL frequency domain and then inverse DWT is applied. After getting the Enhanced I component, Contrast Stretching is applied on I. That will improve the intensity component globally. Besides this S component is also enhanced. Finally unmodified hue, modified Saturation and Intensity component is merged into HIS color model and HIS to RGB is applied. The proposed method gives better quality enhanced image and rather than the other methods.

A reconfigurable antenna is an antenna capable of modifying dynamically its frequency and radiation properties in a controlled and reversible manner. In order to provide a dynamical response, reconfigurable antennas integrate an inner mechanism (such as RF switches, varactors, mechanical actuators or tunable materials) that enable the intentional redistribution of the RF currents over the antenna surface and produce reversible modifications over its properties. Reconfigurable antennas differ from smart antennas because the reconfiguration mechanism lies inside the antenna rather than in an external beam forming network. The reconfiguration capability of reconfigurable antennas is used to maximize the antenna performance in a changing scenario or to satisfy changing operating requirements. Reconfigurable antennas, with the ability to radiate more than one pattern at different frequencies and polarizations, are necessary in modern telecommunication systems. The requirements for increased functionality (e.g., direction finding, beam steering, radar, control, and command) within a confined volume place a greater burden on today’s transmitting and receiving systems. In this paper various reconfigurable components that can be used in an antenna to modify its structure and components are discussed.

Cognitive radio (CR) technology provides a paradigm shift in the way scarce spectrum bands are being utilized. It is a relatively new area of research in wireless communication that provides efficient utilization of communication channels within the spectrum band. Wireless sensor network (WSN), which operates in the license-free industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band is faced with the problem of spectrum scarcity within this band due to over-crowding of different communication systems within this band. To solve this problem, CR is being proposed for WSN. In this paper we present the survey on wireless sensor network to solve the problem of traditional sensor networks, here we also survey the tools and techniques used in the wireless network such as cognitive radio sensor network.

The present work deals with Exergy analysis of 415 MW natural gas based Gas-steam combined cycle power plant at NTPC, Anta. A parametric study has been carried out and the effect of thermodynamic operating variables on the performance of combined cycle plant was studied. The operating variables considered in the present work are: inlet air temperature to compressor, turbine inlet temperature TIT, and pressure ratio of compressor. The results obtained show that rate of Exergy destruction in combustor is much more than the rate of Exergy destruction in other components of the plant and the condenser has minimum Exergy destruction in the plant. For an increase in inlet air temperature from 273 K to 313 K, second law efficiency decreases by 1.5% and the Exergy destruction rate increases by 1.25%. Similarly for an increase in TIT from 1273 K to 1473 K second law efficiency increases by 10.7% and the Exergy destruction rate decreases by 8.5%. The Exergy destruction rate in compressor, combustor, HRSG, and steam turbine increases with increasing TIT and in gas turbine and exhaust it decreases with increasing TIT. With an increases in pressure ratio from 8 to 12 the second law Efficiency of the combined cycle increases by 1.12% and increases by 0.32% for an increase in pressure ratio from 8 to 16 at TIT 11000C and T0 = 270C. Exergy destruction rate of combined cycle decreases by 0.99% for an increase in pressure ratio from 8 to12 and it decreases by 0.3% for an increase in pressure ratio from 8 to 16 for same TIT and T0. The rate of Exergy destruction in compressor, gas turbine, and exhaust gases increases with increasing pressure ratio and in combustor, HRSG, and in steam turbine it decreases with increasing pressure ratio.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation networks that developed in recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can help in implementing a large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in the transmission of information in VANETs and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper we present the literature survey for the vehicular ad-hoc network for the road safety application and improve the performance of intelligent transportation system.